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Out of the Bottle - Artificial Life Already Established
« on: 2007-10-07 11:21:24 » |
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Gene genie
Any day now Craig Venter - geneticist, yachtsman and Vietnam veteran - will announce that he has achieved one of the greatest feats in science: the creation of artificial life. He talks to Ed Pilkington
Source: The Guardian
Authors: Ed Pilkington
Dated: 2007-10-06
For a room in which one of the most astonishing experiments in modern science is being conducted, the laboratory in the J Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, Maryland, is understated. It is divided into wooden workstations reminiscent of a school science lab. There are stacks of glass test tubes and pipettes, and one wall is lined with air-controlled boxes containing Petri dishes. Petri dishes! The mere sight of them sparks memories of interminable, soporific biology lessons.
But there is nothing soporific about what is going on inside these Petri dishes. If all goes according to plan - and the full expectation is that it will - their surface will bloom imminently with an array of small white spots that will herald a giant leap in scientific and human potential. Each spot will contain up to 10m bacterial cells, and in each cell there will be a chromosome that has been painstakingly stitched together by humans from lab-made chemicals.
In short, those schoolboy Petri dishes will contain the first artificial life form ever created.
Casting a paternal eye over the proceedings, like an expectant father pacing the delivery room, is the imposing figure of Craig Venter - the scientist variously described as a rebel, maverick, outsider, and the Bono of genetics. Sporting jeans ("gene man wears jeans", he quips) and cowboy boots, he hasn't dressed up to the role of playing God in which his most extreme detractors have cast him. Nor does he labour it in words, preferring to play down the significance of this milestone in science history. "It's not like baking a cake, mixing all the ingredients and putting it in the oven, and hey presto, there's new life," he says. "We're not creating life, we are creating new life forms from existing ones."
This distinction may strike many as semantic. For if Venter's experiment works, his team of 20 scientists will have artificially created chromosomes that will display all of the characteristics of life - notably the ability to divide and multiply, and to control the bacterial cells into which they have been transplanted.
Besides, Venter is more animated than he is letting on. There is an intensity in the way he looks at the labour in progress that belies his barely contained excitement. It is precisely this kind of jaw-dropping event for which Venter has been lambasted by his critics and venerated by admirers. "Hubris!" cry the first, "genius!" exclaim the latter. But both sides agree on one thing: the extraordinary sweep and scale of his ambitions.
To underscore this, in addition to being poised to declare the creation of artificial life forms, he is also unveiling two other major projects this month. The first is his autobiography, A Life Decoded, the product of five years' toil without the aid of ghost writers. It gives his account of the race to decipher the human genome - the code of 3.1bn letters that forms the instruction manual that is the basis of all human life.
On one level the book is a voyage of discovery: a description of code-breaking as mind-bogglingly complex as the cracking of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, and no less significant. On another level it reads like a foray into the grubbier side of human nature: how highly educated and gifted people, including some of the biggest names in science, can turn on each other out of envy and fear.
It was this grubby side - the exposed and often vicious spat between Venter's privately funded attempt to sequence the human genome and a team of government-backed scientists in America, Britain and elsewhere, that brought Venter to prominence as the bogey man of modern science. He was pilloried as the unacceptable face of science-for-profit, the man who wanted to turn the essentials of human existence into patents to enrich himself. The dispute raged for more than three years, and only ended in a shaky truce mediated by Bill Clinton. The irony was that despite all the histrionics, both Venter's and the public team's efforts were at best compromises and at worst woefully incomplete.
We are now much closer to the endgame, thanks to the second major work Venter publishes this month. It is his own genome, the first individual genetic code to be deciphered.
The genome is also an autobiography of sorts - though it is much bigger than the 390 pages of A Life Decoded. This book runs to 6bn letters - strung across the two sets of chromosomes Venter inherited from his mother and father.
The two works of self-exploration sit neatly side by side, intertwined like a double helix. As Venter writes in A Life Decoded, his literary life story is a product of his genetic one: it is "the sum of 6bn base pairs of my DNA struggling to understand itself".
While the literary book looks back on his life to date, the genetic one gives glimpses of his life ahead. It takes a brave or foolhardy person to dare to look into his own future, but Venter appears genuinely unfazed by the fact that he has done just that. He says that were the information available he would gladly know the date of his death. "Being able to predict the exact day you are going to die - I don't think that is such a horrible thing. I may not tell my family - it depends on what the news is, right? But I would like to know it."
Our understanding of how gene sequences translate into life experiences is still primitive, yet Venter's genetic code does reveal truths that would wreak havoc with a lesser soul. Top of the list is the news that he has a genetically heightened risk of early heart disease - a poignant subject as his father died from the condition aged 59, a year younger than Venter is now. In response to the discovery, Venter has self- prescribed a preventive health regime: he exercises, watches his diet and has started taking fat-lowering statins.
His genetic book also warns him of an enhanced risk of dementia ("ouch, indeed" is his reaction) as well as of a condition that can cause blindness. Even the prospect of losing his mind and his sight does not unhinge him: "The fact that I have a risk genetically for Alzheimer's and blindness is not great news. But the reality is that any one of us will have dozens of these risks, and what we have to learn is how to deal with them."
Disappointingly, he only has an average genetic disposition for risk-taking. Disappointing because if Venter is nothing else he is a taker of risks. He is a keen sailor who combines his passion for the sea with his scientific obsession wherever possible. He once sailed into gales in the Bermuda triangle aloft 50ft waves; not only did he live to tell the tale, but he insists he enjoyed the "exhilarating" experience.
"I think I'm a survivor," he tells me in his office overlooking a tranquil duck pond in Rockville. "I could have suffered at least 100 professional deaths. I could come up with a list of the 100 times I've come closest to death from having pneumonia as a child to car crashes."
Several of the entries on that list would undoubtedly fall within the year he spent as a navy corpsman in Vietnam. He survived constant shelling and bombing, and an attack from a deadly sea snake that now hangs skinned on his office wall. Several hundred others did not survive and died in front of him.
One soldier in particular changed the course of life. The teenager seemed normal and healthy when he was brought in, though he was unconscious. He soon went into cardiac arrest; Venter tried for more than an hour to save him but in vain. The post-mortem showed the soldier had a bullet hole in his head that left a tiny entry wound about the length of a pencil. That got Venter thinking about the nature of survival.
"My generation was raised on Dick Tracy cartoons where he could get a thousand bullet holes in him like Swiss cheese and keep on going. We have a hundred trillion cells and you would have naively thought you have to kill a lot of them to kill somebody; in fact you just have to destroy a tiny fraction and all hundred trillion are lost."
It is no exaggeration to say that without that encounter with the dying soldier, Venter would not be exploring the fundamentals of natural and artificial genes. After Vietnam he studied medicine and then biochemistry, and slipped into research. His first project - fittingly - was a study of how adrenaline affected cells, and from there he dug ever deeper into the essential building blocks of life.
What gained him the tag of bad boy of genomics was his aggressive attempt to beat some of the world's best scientists at their own game. He latched on to a 15-year, $5bn international project to sequence the human genome and staggered and outraged his colleagues by saying he could do a better job in a sliver of the time and at a fraction of the cost.
His cocky bid - equivalent to piecing together a jigsaw puzzle with 27m pieces - turned him from an obscure researcher into a household name. But it also earned him the opprobrium of powerful individuals, institutions and the media. At points it turned ugly, with James Watson, the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA in 1953, reportedly accusing him of wanting to "own the human genome the way Hitler wanted to own the world".
However, the full story is more complex. Venter made efforts early on in his exploration of gene sequencing to remain within the publicly funded system, but his plans were rebuffed by funding boards that lacked the imagination to keep up with his admittedly grandiose vision. His proposal to sequence the genetic code of the first living organism, Haemophilus influenzae, was turned down in 1995 by the US National Institutes of Health on the grounds that it was unworkable. Within weeks of receiving the rejection letter he had pulled it off.
Venter is now deeply suspicious of institutions. "There are several degrees of institutionalisation - from the prison to the military to academia and government. They have this in common - abrogation of decision-making and authority to others. I suppose if there's a set of genes I have, it's detesting authority."
Venter also insists that he wasn't into genome research for the money, "I was interested in money only to have the freedom to do my research."
That can't be the whole picture, I say to him. A man who contemplates buying a $15m yacht, as he did at the height of his biotech wealth, cannot be disinterested in money. "My actions are not those of someone who wants to do everything for money," he replies. "On paper I was the first biotech billionaire, but I did it the hard way - I earned it and then I lost it all. If I was truly after money I would have approached everything differently and I probably would have a billion dollars now."
It is true he lost much of his fortune after he was sacked from his then company, Celera, shortly after the human genome race ended. And it is abundantly clear in conversation with him that he is jet-propelled by the thrill of discovery and the challenge of tackling the impossible. He likes to quote Aristotle: "a likely impossibility is always preferable to an unconvincing possibility".
The other drug that drives him is the joy of gathering a small but brilliant group of like-minded, rebellious go-getters. He likens the Celera team to a scientific Camelot, and the same approach has been replicated in his new company, the Craig Venter Institute, with its squad of 500. "When a group of very talented people are focused on something bigger than themselves it brings out the best in them. It's a phenomenal event," he says.
Phenomenal just about sums up what the team currently has in its sights. Venter next plans to sequence up to 10,000 individuals. That would amass a database of genetic information big enough, he believes, to answer some of the truly fundamental questions of life, such as that age-old nature v nurture debate.
He has also put together his two passions - sailing and genomics - to devise a plan to sequence the genetic code of all ocean organisms. The project has already found micro-organisms in the Sargasso Sea that capture energy from the sun in a process utterly distinct from photosynthesis. Those findings, he hopes, may unlock the door to a new source of energy and provide the key to the planet's survival. He is racing against the clock, this time with global warming as competition.
All that, even before he gets to announce the creation of artificial life. Given the spanking he received when last he engaged in controversial research, you could forgive him for holding back this time. But that is not the Venter way. Batten down the hatches! Full speed ahead!
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